¶graph;This BIOML file contains a simple set of information about the protein insulin. It is not meant to be an exhaustive study of insulin. Instead it is meant to be a demonstration of the organization of a BIOML file. To advance to the next item, either select it with the mouse or press the "DOWN" button. ¶graph; The chromosome entry indicates that the locus that contains the insulin gene has been localized to the number 11 chromosome in humans. All of the entries linked to this entry are localized on this chromosome. ¶graph; The HUMINS locus contains all of the sequence information necessary to code for insulin. A locus can be completely known, or only fragments may be known. In many BIOML files, the locus will contain a gene (or genes) of interest. ¶graph; The locus and gene sequence information used in this file were retrieved from these database entries. To see the entries, either press the "RIGHT" arrow key to open up this entry, or double click on it with the mouse. To close this entry again, either use the "LEFT arrow key or double click on it again. ¶graph; To retrieve the full database entry, move the cursor to the entry you want, and then press the "RIGHT" button, or double click on the entry. The database entry contains a lot of information, but it is laid out in a rather cryptic fashion. If you are interested, you can read through the files and try to figure out what the entries all mean, or you can just continue and get the information from the BIOML file. ¶graph; Move the cursor down to the "Insulin gene" entry to see the sequence of the gene. The exons will be highlight in alternating colors. Open up the gene entry to see the organization of the gene and select any entry to see that region hightlighted in the display. ¶graph; This entry contains links to Medline abstracts that are relavent to the primary structure of insulin. Open up the entries, select one you want to see and then either use the "RIGHT" arrow or a double click to fetch the abstract from Medline. You need a connection to the Internet to use these entries. In general, any yellow icon that changes its shape when you select it will connect you with the Internet to get information. 1 ctcgaggggc ctagacattg ccctccagag agagcaccca acaccctcca ggcttgaccg 61 gccagggtgt ccccttccta ccttggagag agcagcccca gggcatcctg cagggggtgc 121 tgggacacca gctggccttc aaggtctctg cctccctcca gccaccccac tacacgctgc 181 tgggatcctg gatctcagct ccctggccga caacactggc aaactcctac tcatccacga 241 aggccctcct gggcatggtg gtccttccca gcctggcagt ctgttcctca cacaccttgt 301 tagtgcccag cccctgaggt tgcagctggg ggtgtctctg aagggctgtg agcccccagg 361 aagccctggg gaagtgcctg ccttgcctcc ccccggccct gccagcgcct ggctctgccc 421 tcctacctgg gctcccccca tccagcctcc ctccctacac actcctctca aggaggcacc 481 catgtcctct ccagctgccg ggcctcagag cactgtggcg tcctggggca gccaccgcat 541 gtcctgctgt ggcatggctc agggtggaaa gggcggaagg gaggggtcct gcagatagct 601 ggtgcccact accaaacccg ctcggggcag gagagccaaa ggctgggtgt gtgcagagcg 661 gccccgagag gttccgaggc tgaggccagg gtgggacata gggatgcgag gggccggggc 721 acaggatact ccaacctgcc tgcccccatg gtctcatcct cctgcttctg ggacctcctg 781 atcctgcccc tggtgctaag aggcaggtaa ggggctgcag gcagcagggc tcggagccca 841 tgccccctca ccatgggtca ggctggacct ccaggtgcct gttctgggga gctgggaggg 901 ccggaggggt gtaccccagg ggctcagccc agatgacact atgggggtga tggtgtcatg 961 ggacctggcc aggagagggg agatgggctc ccagaagagg agtgggggct gagagggtgc 1021 ctggggggcc aggacggagc tgggccagtg cacagcttcc cacacctgcc cacccccaga 1081 gtcctgccgc cacccccaga tcacacggaa gatgaggtcc gagtggcctg ctgaggactt 1141 gctgcttgtc cccaggtccc caggtcatgc cctccttctg ccaccctggg gagctgaggg 1201 cctcagctgg ggctgctgtc ctaaggcagg gtgggaacta ggcagccagc agggagggga 1261 cccctccctc actcccactc tcccaccccc accaccttgg cccatccatg gcggcatctt 1321 gggccatccg ggactgggga caggggtcct ggggacaggg gtccggggac agggtcctgg 1381 ggacaggggt gtggggacag gggtctgggg acaggggtgt ggggacaggg gtgtggggac 1441 aggggtctgg ggacaggggt gtggggacag gggtccgggg acaggggtgt ggggacaggg 1501 gtctggggac aggggtgtgg ggacaggggt gtggggacag gggtctgggg acaggggtgt 1561 ggggacaggg gtcctgggga caggggtgtg gggacagggg tgtggggaca ggggtgtggg 1621 gacaggggtg tggggacagg ggtcctgggg ataggggtgt ggggacaggg gtgtggggac 1681 aggggtcccg gggacagggg tgtggggaca ggggtgtggg gacaggggtc ctggggacag 1741 gggtctgagg acaggggtgt gggcacaggg gtcctgggga caggggtcct ggggacaggg 1801 gtcctgggga caggggtctg gggacagcag cgcaaagagc cccgccctgc agcctccagc 1861 tctcctggtc taatgtggaa agtggcccag gtgagggctt tgctctcctg gagacatttg 1921 cccccagctg tgagcaggga caggtctggc caccgggccc ctggttaaga ctctaatgac 1981 ccgctggtcc tgaggaagag gtgctgacga ccaaggagat cttcccacag acccagcacc 2041 agggaaatgg tccggaaatt gcagcctcag cccccagcca tctgccgacc cccccacccc 2101 gccctaatgg gccaggcggc aggggttgac aggtagggga gatgggctct gagactataa 2161 agccagcggg ggcccagcag ccctcagccc tccaggacag gctgcatcag aagaggccat 2221 caagcaggtc tgttccaagg gcctttgcgt caggtgggct cagggttcca gggtggctgg 2281 accccaggcc ccagctctgc agcagggagg acgtggctgg gctcgtgaag catgtggggg 2341 tgagcccagg ggccccaagg cagggcacct ggccttcagc ctgcctcagc cctgcctgtc 2401 tcccagatca ctgtccttct gccatggccc tgtggatgcg cctcctgccc ctgctggcgc 2461 tgctggccct ctggggacct gacccagccg cagcctttgt gaaccaacac ctgtgcggct 2521 cacacctggt ggaagctctc tacctagtgt gcggggaacg aggcttcttc tacacaccca 2581 agacccgccg ggaggcagag gacctgcagg gtgagccaac cgcccattgc tgcccctggc 2641 cgcccccagc caccccctgc tcctggcgct cccacccagc atgggcagaa gggggcagga 2701 ggctgccacc cagcaggggg tcaggtgcac ttttttaaaa agaagttctc ttggtcacgt 2761 cctaaaagtg accagctccc tgtggcccag tcagaatctc agcctgagga cggtgttggc 2821 ttcggcagcc ccgagataca tcagagggtg ggcacgctcc tccctccact cgcccctcaa 2881 acaaatgccc cgcagcccat ttctccaccc tcatttgatg accgcagatt caagtgtttt 2941 gttaagtaaa gtcctgggtg acctggggtc acagggtgcc ccacgctgcc tgcctctggg 3001 cgaacacccc atcacgcccg gaggagggcg tggctgcctg cctgagtggg ccagacccct 3061 gtcgccagcc tcacggcagc tccatagtca ggagatgggg aagatgctgg ggacaggccc 3121 tggggagaag tactgggatc acctgttcag gctcccactg tgacgctgcc ccggggcggg 3181 ggaaggaggt gggacatgtg ggcgttgggg cctgtaggtc cacacccagt gtgggtgacc 3241 ctccctctaa cctgggtcca gcccggctgg agatgggtgg gagtgcgacc tagggctggc 3301 gggcaggcgg gcactgtgtc tccctgactg tgtcctcctg tgtccctctg cctcgccgct 3361 gttccggaac ctgctctgcg cggcacgtcc tggcagtggg gcaggtggag ctgggcgggg 3421 gccctggtgc aggcagcctg cagcccttgg ccctggaggg gtccctgcag aagcgtggca 3481 ttgtggaaca atgctgtacc agcatctgct ccctctacca gctggagaac tactgcaact 3541 agacgcagcc tgcaggcagc cccacacccg ccgcctcctg caccgagaga gatggaataa 3601 agcccttgaa ccagccctgc tgtgccgtct gtgtgtcttg ggggccctgg gccaagcccc 3661 acttcccggc actgttgtga gcccctccca gctctctcca cgctctctgg gtgcccacag 3721 gtgccaacgc caggcaggcc cagcatgcag tggctctccc caaagcggcc atgcctgttg 3781 gctgcctgct gcccccaccc tgtggctcag ggtccagtat gggagcttcg ggggtctctg 3841 aggggccagg gatggtgggg ccactgagaa gtgactctgt cagtagccga cctggagtcc 3901 ccagagacct tgttcaggaa agggaatgag aacattccag caattttccc cccacctagc 3961 cctcccaggt tctattttta gagttatttc tgatggagtc cctgtggagg gaggaggctg 4021 ggctgaggga gggggtcctg cagggcgggg ggctgggaag gtggggagag gctgccgaga 4081 gccacccgct atccccagct ctgggcagcc ccgggacagt cacacaccct ggcctcgcgg 4141 cccaagctgg cagccgtctg cagccacagc ttatgccagc ccaggtccag ccagacacct 4201 gagggaccca ctggtgcctt ggaggaagca ggagaggtca gatggcacca tgagctgggg 4261 caggtgcagg gaccgtggca gcacctggca gggcctcaga acccatgcct tgggcacccc 4321 ggccatgagg ccctgaggat tgcagcccaa gagaagcagg gaacgccagg gccacagggg 4381 cagagaccag gccagggtcc cttgcggccc ttagcccacc ccctcccagt aagcaggggc 4441 tgcttggcta ggcttccttt tgctacagac ctgctgctca cccagaggcc cacgggccct 4501 agtgacaagg tcgttgtggc tccaggtcct tgggggtcct gacacagagc ctcttctgca 4561 gcacccctga ggacagggtg ctccgctggg cacccagcct agtgggcaga cgagaaccta 4621 ggggctgcct gggcctactg tggcctggga ggtcagcggg tgaccctagc taccctgtgg 4681 ctgggccagt ctgcctgcca cccaggccaa accaatctgc acctttcctg agagctccac 4741 ccagggctgg gctggggatg gctgggcctg gggctggcat gggctgtggc tgcagaccac 4801 tgccagcttg ggcctcgagg ccaggagctc accctccagc tgccccgcct ccagagtggg 4861 ggccagggct gggcaggcgg gtggacggcc ggacactggc cccggaagag gagggaggcg 4921 gtggctggga tcggcagcag ccgtccatgg gaacacccag ccggccccac tcgcacgggt 4981 agagacaggc gc ¶graph; In the same way that the 'chromosome' entry above contains entries that describe things located on that chromosome, 'tissue' entries contain things found in that type of tissue. It is possible with BIOML to specify the location of an object in an organism down to the subcellular particle that contains it. ¶graph; In the case of insulin, it is made in the pancreas and secreted into the plasma (the cell-free portion of blood). ¶graph; Insulin is probably the most well-known protein. Insulin stimulates the transport of glucose from the outside to the inside of cells. This function allows it to regulate the level of glucose present in the blood. A reduced ability to produce insulin produces diabetes, which can only be treated by the injection of insulin. ¶graph; All of the entries that are attached to this one are about insulin. Insulin is initially translated as a prepropeptide that is larger than the final, active form of insulin. The signal peptide is clipped off almost immediately. The protein then folds and the disulphide bonds are formed. Then the C-peptide is removed and the two chains that are left attached by disulphide bonds comprise active insulin. ¶graph; By scrolling down through the entries below, you will be able to see the various chains and their linkages. The red lines connect cysteine residues involved in disulphide bonds. The 'squiggles' underneath the sequence indicate the regions that are known to be alpha helices. Beta sheet strands are indicated by colored thick lines. Turns are indicated by thin lines. ¶graph; The sequence shown was based using information from sequence databases. The database information can be retrieved using the entries under this heading, but they are not really designed to be read by humans very easily. If you have never looked at one before, take a look and see what is there. All of the information can be easily captured in a BIOML file, but because this file is a simplified demonstration, many pieces on information have been purposely left out of this file. MALWMRLLPLLALLALWGPDPAAA FVNQHLCGSHLVEALYLVCGERGFFYTPKT RREAEDLQVGQVELGGGPGAGSLQPLALEGSLQKR GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN